Nginx缓存解决方案:SRCache
前些天帮别人优化PHP程序,搞得灰头土脸,最后黔驴技穷开启了FastCGI Cache,算是勉强应付过去了吧。不过FastCGI Cache不支持分布式缓存,当服务器很多的时候,冗余的浪费将非常严重,此外还有数据一致性问题,所以它只是一个粗线条的解决方案。
对此类问题而言,SRCache是一个细粒度的解决方案。其工作原理大致如下:
当问题比较简单的时候,通常SRCache和Memc模块一起搭配使用。网上能搜索到一些相关的例子,大家可以参考,这里就不赘述了。当问题比较复杂的时候,比如说缓存键的动态计算等,就不得不写一点代码了,此时Lua模块是最佳选择。
闲言碎语不多讲,表一表Nginx配置文件长啥样:
lua_package_path '/path/to/vendor/?.lua;;';
init_by_lua_file /path/to/config.lua;
server {
listen 80;
server_name foo.com;
root /path;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php$is_args$args;
}
location ~ .php$ {
set $key "";
set $ttl 600;
set $skip 1;
rewrite_by_lua_file /path/to/guard.lua;
srcache_fetch_skip $skip;
srcache_store_skip $skip;
srcache_fetch GET /memcached key=$key;
srcache_store PUT /memcached key=$key&ttl=$ttl;
add_header X-Srcache-Fetch-Status $srcache_fetch_status;
add_header X-Srcache-Store-Status $srcache_store_status;
try_files $uri =404;
include fastcgi.conf;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
}
location /memcached {
internal;
content_by_lua_file /path/to/data/memcached.lua;
}
}
Nginx启动后,会载入config.lua中的配置信息。请求到达后,缺省情况下,SRCache为关闭状态,在guard.lua中,会对当前请求进行正则匹配,一旦匹配成功,那么就会计算出缓存键,并且把SRCache设置为开启状态,最后由memcached.lua完成读写。
看看「config.lua」文件的内容,它主要用来记录一些全局的配置信息:
config = {}
config["memcached"] = {
{host = "127.0.0.1", port = "11211"},
{host = "127.0.0.1", port = "11212"},
{host = "127.0.0.1", port = "11213"},
}
config["ruleset"] = {
{pattern = "/test", fields = {x = "number", y = "string"}},
}
看看「guard.lua」文件的内容,它主要用来计算缓存键,并开启SRCache模块:
local uri = string.match(ngx.var.request_uri, "[^?]+")
for _, rule in ipairs(config["ruleset"]) do
local pattern = rule["pattern"]
local option = rule["option"]
if ngx.re.match(uri, pattern, option or "") then
local ttl = rule["ttl"]
if ttl then
ngx.var.ttl = ttl
end
local args = ngx.req.get_uri_args()
local fields = rule["fields"]
if fields then
for name in pairs(args) do
if fields[name] then
if fields[name] == "number" then
args[name] = tonumber(args[name]) or 0
end
else
args[name] = nil
end
end
end
local key = {
ngx.var.request_method, " ",
ngx.var.scheme, "://",
ngx.var.host, uri,
}
args = ngx.encode_args(args);
if args ~= "" then
key[#key + 1] = "?"
key[#key + 1] = args
end
key = table.concat(key)
key = ngx.md5(key)
ngx.var.key = key
ngx.var.skip = "0"
break
end
end
看看「memcached.lua」文件的内容,它主要通过Resty库来读写Memcached:
local memcached = require "resty.memcached"
local key = ngx.var.arg_key
local index = ngx.crc32_long(key) % #config["memcached"] + 1
local host = config["memcached"][index]["host"]
local port = config["memcached"][index]["port"]
local memc, err = memcached:new()
if not memc then
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, err)
ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE)
end
memc:set_timeout(100)
local ok, err = memc:connect(host, port)
if not ok then
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, err)
ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE)
end
local method = ngx.req.get_method()
if method == "GET" then
local res, flags, err = memc:get(key)
if err then
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, err)
ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE)
end
ngx.print(res)
elseif method == "PUT" then
local value = ngx.req.get_body_data()
local ttl = ngx.var.arg_ttl
local ok, err = memc:set(key, value, ttl)
if not ok then
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, err)
ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE)
end
else
ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_NOT_ALLOWED)
end
memc:set_keepalive(1000, 10)
最后一个问题:如何判断缓存是否生效了?试试下面的命令:
shell> curl -v "http://foo.com/test?x=123&y=abc"
< X-Srcache-Fetch: HIT
< X-Srcache-Store: BYPASS
关于激活SRCache前后的性能对比,视环境的不同会有所差异,不过绝对是数量级的提升,更重要的是这一切对业务层完全透明,别愣着了,快试试吧!